雅思文章不夠書(shū)面用語(yǔ)怎么辦?
如何正確運(yùn)用正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)
有些同學(xué)在練習(xí)寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候可能會(huì)忽略書(shū)面語(yǔ)的重要性。要知道,就A類大小作文要求semi-formal的語(yǔ)調(diào),而G類的小作文更是有formal, informal和semi-formal之分~倘若寫(xiě)作的用詞過(guò)于隨便,口語(yǔ)化,那么自然是拿不到高分的。
為了避免發(fā)生此類情況,同學(xué)們可以從下面這幾個(gè)方面檢查,來(lái)提高寫(xiě)作用語(yǔ)的正確性。
1避免太多的人化主語(yǔ)
在口語(yǔ)中,大家可能比較習(xí)慣用“某個(gè)人做某件事”這種基本句型,甚至把這種語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣帶進(jìn)了大作文中,如下面的這個(gè)例子:
More and more young students go abroad because they want to receive better education and find a better job in the future. I think that they may have problems in study and also in life.
先撇去這句話的邏輯和連貫性不說(shuō),**句的主句和狀語(yǔ)從句中都是以某個(gè)人開(kāi)始的,第二句中主句和賓語(yǔ)從句也是以人做主語(yǔ)。雖然說(shuō)這兩個(gè)句子算是復(fù)雜句型,但如果全篇都是這樣的句式,整個(gè)文章的句型多樣性自然大打折扣,就光lexical resources這一個(gè)評(píng)分項(xiàng)而言,比較難拿高分分。
但這種情況并不是沒(méi)有辦法修改的?绝唫儜(yīng)盡量避免從“某個(gè)人”為主語(yǔ)開(kāi)始句子,轉(zhuǎn)而用比較客觀的就事論事的態(tài)度。
例如,上面句子可以改成:
More and more students go abroad to get better education and find a better job in the future.
只是將 “學(xué)生出國(guó)”改寫(xiě)成了“出國(guó)”;將“他們想要…”改成了“想要…”。Z整句句子不但變得客觀,更是把原來(lái)的主句和從句兩部分精簡(jiǎn)處理成了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)?绝喰』锇閭?cè)趯?xiě)作過(guò)程中可以多使用動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),不僅間接,而且表意清晰。
另一種改法則是:
There may be problems in study and also in life for young students to go abroad in order to get better education and find a better job in the future.
這種改法中,是將**句中的主語(yǔ)young students以介詞短語(yǔ)的形式放入不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)中。而第二個(gè)句則可以考慮用There be句型代替來(lái)代替have。
這樣修改完,句子是不是精簡(jiǎn)了很多呢,而且,邏輯更加清晰。
同時(shí),”have”和”there be”的句型都可以簡(jiǎn)化成更簡(jiǎn)單的介詞with結(jié)構(gòu),以下面的兩句話為例:
On the table is a box. There is a cover beside it.
這兩個(gè)小句子是小作文流程圖中經(jīng)常用的句型,用來(lái)形容事物的某一項(xiàng)特征。但假如重復(fù)用簡(jiǎn)單句則難免顯得語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)薄弱,修改后,兩句可合并成:
On the table is a box with a cover beside it.
除了上面提到的,常見(jiàn)的人化主語(yǔ)的句型還有大家常用的幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,如can, may, should等。對(duì)于這種情況,我們可以這樣子修改:
can, may可改成It is likely /possible to do/ that…;
Should可改成it is necessary/ imperative/ highly expected/ suggested that sth. be done,
舉個(gè)例子:We can go anywhere we like with our bicycle.
修改后:It is possible for us to go anywhere we like with our bicycle.
To curb global warming, our government should promulgate new laws to govern the felling of trees.
要注意的是,詞句話中的主語(yǔ)為government,不能改成it is imperative to do.
因此,大家還是要具體情況具體分析,切勿一刀切。
2被動(dòng)句式的使用
大家可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在比較正式的新聞、商務(wù)、法律等英語(yǔ)文體中,常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)被動(dòng)句式,原因就是被動(dòng)句式相較而言更突出事實(shí)客觀性。雅思的圖表分析和議論文都是比較正式的文體,在以下兩種情況下,建議烤鴨們注意多用被動(dòng)句式。
1.主語(yǔ)不確定
未修改: Someone murdered the millionaire last night.
修改后: The millionaire was murdered last night.
烤鴨們應(yīng)該不難理解,其實(shí)這句話想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果,即millionaire被謀殺這個(gè)結(jié)果。
2. 主語(yǔ)是泛指很多人或者大部分人
未修改: Most people think that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.
修改后: It is widely believed that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.
當(dāng)被動(dòng)用在從句及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中時(shí),我們可以參考下面的例子:
未修改: It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to control the software piracy.
修改后: It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to have the software piracy controlled.
未修改: I don’t expect that she returned.
修改后: She is not expected to have returned.
未修改: I am not sure whether the college graduates will find jobs in the financially difficult year.
修改后: I am not sure whether the college graduates will get employed in the financially difficult year.
大家可以發(fā)現(xiàn),被動(dòng)句式的表達(dá)也可以非常多樣的。既能增加句式的豐富性,又能簡(jiǎn)單明了地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),何樂(lè)而不為呢?
3名詞化
名詞化(nominalization)即把原本用動(dòng)詞或者形容詞表達(dá)的地方換成名詞。名詞化是為了避免太多動(dòng)詞造成的句法處理上的困難,同時(shí)也可以把某些陳述型的句式轉(zhuǎn)化成更客觀的評(píng)價(jià)句,更符合雅思作文的文體要求。
例如:
Our monitor didn’t come today. He has got a flu.
大家不難發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩句話存在因果關(guān)系。不妨用因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞連成一句:Because our monitor has a flu, he didn’t come today. 但假如只是這樣改,依然會(huì)顯得累贅,烤鴨們可以考慮修改成Having a flu, our monitor didn’t come today. 用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替從句,減少人化主語(yǔ)的使用次數(shù)。
如果烤鴨們想徹底去除人化主語(yǔ),可以將原句中的賓語(yǔ)用一個(gè)概括性的名詞來(lái)替代并變成主語(yǔ),中間加上表示因果關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞,
這個(gè)句子就非常符合雅思大作文的風(fēng)格:
The flu caused the absence of our monitor today.或者The absence of our monitor is caused byhis illness.
盡量將小句變成名詞,減少某個(gè)人做主語(yǔ)的口語(yǔ)化句式的出現(xiàn)頻率。
無(wú)憂小雅哥為烤鴨們總結(jié)常用的名詞化替代:
lack of (代替if there is no…)
ignorance of sth.(代替don’t know …)
illiteracy in sth. (代替can’t read…/ can’t use…)
failure to do/in sth. (代替didn’t do…) 等。
此外個(gè)別單詞也可以利用題目中的動(dòng)詞的名詞性后綴如: -tion,-ment, -isation, -ness, -ity等或者變成動(dòng)名詞形式-ing。如:
未修改: More young generations celebrate the western festivals.
修改后: The celebration of the western festivals is popular among more young generations.
4個(gè)別表達(dá)
**小雅哥提醒烤鴨小伙伴們,more and more/ a lot等口語(yǔ)化的短語(yǔ)應(yīng)盡量避免用在雅思寫(xiě)作中。不妨用increasing (ly), a large number of…/a great deal of…/swarms of…等更為正式和書(shū)面的短語(yǔ)代替。此外,縮略形式也是正式的寫(xiě)作中要避免的。
烤鴨們要想實(shí)實(shí)在在提高作文分?jǐn)?shù),平時(shí)練習(xí)是必要的。但更重要的是了解正確的雅思作文寫(xiě)作方式和要求,不斷對(duì)照自己的文章,不斷糾錯(cuò)并改錯(cuò),才能從根本上提高作文水平。
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